गीताभ्यासे - 3-41 तस्मात्त्वमिन्द्रियाण्यादौ… 3-43 एवं बुद्धेः परं बुद्ध्वा
ॐ
नमो नम: ।
पाप्मानं प्रजहि ह्येनं ज्ञानविज्ञाननाशनम् ॥ ३-४१॥
इन्द्रियाणि पराण्याहुरिन्द्रियेभ्यः परं मनः ।
मनसस्तु परा बुद्धिर्यो बुद्धेः परतस्तु सः ॥ ३-४२॥
एवं बुद्धेः परं बुद्ध्वा संस्तभ्यात्मानमात्मना ।
जहि शत्रुं महाबाहो कामरूपं दुरासदम् ॥ ३-४३॥
ॐ तत्सदिति श्रीमद्भगवद्गीतासूपनिषत्सु
ब्रह्मविद्यायां योगशास्त्रे श्रीकृष्णार्जुनसंवादे
कर्मयोगो नाम तृतीयोऽध्यायः ।
(१) पदच्छेदैः
तस्मात् त्वम् इन्द्रियाणि आदौ नियम्य भरतर्षभ ।
पाप्मानम् प्रजहि हि एनम् ज्ञानविज्ञाननाशनम् ॥ ३-४१॥
इन्द्रियाणि पराणि आहु: इन्द्रियेभ्यः परं मनः ।
मनस: तु परा बुद्धि: यः बुद्धेः परत: तु सः ॥ ३-४२॥
एवं बुद्धेः परं बुद्ध्वा संस्तभ्य आत्मानम् आत्मना ।
जहि शत्रुम् महाबाहो कामरूपम् दुरासदम् ॥ ३-४३॥
ॐ तत् सत् । इति श्रीमद्भगवद्गीतासु उपनिषत्सु
ब्रह्मविद्यायाम् योगशास्त्रे श्रीकृष्णार्जुनसंवादे
कर्मयोग: नाम तृतीय: अध्यायः ।
(२) वाक्यांशश: पदाभ्यासा: अन्वयार्थाश्च ।
भरतर्षभ तस्मात् त्वम् आदौ इन्द्रियाणि नियम्य एनम् पाप्मानम् ज्ञानविज्ञाननाशनम् प्रजहि हि । (मुनयः) आहु: इन्द्रियाणि पराणि, मनः इन्द्रियेभ्यः परम्, बुद्धि: तु मनस: परा, यः बुद्धेः परत: सः तु (परमः) । एवं बुद्धेः परं बुद्ध्वा आत्मानम् आत्मना संस्तभ्य महाबाहो कामरूपम् दुरासदम् शत्रुम् जहि ।
ॐ तत् सत् । इति श्रीमद्भगवद्गीतासु उपनिषत्सु ब्रह्मविद्यायाम् योगशास्त्रे श्रीकृष्णार्जुनसंवादे कर्मयोग: नाम तृतीय: अध्यायः ।
There are following वाक्यांशाः
(1-a) भरतर्षभ तस्मात् त्वम् आदौ इन्द्रियाणि नियम्य
भरतर्षभ - भरते भरतवंशे ऋषभः इव इति भरतर्षभः / अत्र सम्बोधनम् एकवचनम् /
तस्मात् - तत् सर्व. पुं./नपुं. 5/1
त्वम् - युष्मद् सर्व. 1/1
आदौ - आदि वि. प्रायः पुं. 7/1
इन्द्रियाणि - इन्द्रिय नपुं. 2/3
नियम्य - नि+यम् इति धातुः / तस्य ल्यबन्तम् नियम्य /
(1-b) एनम् पाप्मानम् ज्ञानविज्ञाननाशनम् प्रजहि हि ।
एनम् - एतत् सर्व. पुं. 2/1
पाप्मानम् पाप्मन् वि. पुं. 2/1 / पाप्मन् वि. Hurtful, injurious
ज्ञानविज्ञाननाशनम् - ज्ञानं च विज्ञानं च इति ज्ञानविज्ञाने (इतरेतर-द्वन्द्वः) / तयोः नाशनः ज्ञानविज्ञाननाशन: (षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः) / नाशन a. [नश्-णिच्-ल्युट्] (-नी f.) Destroying, causing to perish, removing (in comp.)
प्रजहि - प्र+हन् इति धातुः / Note जहि is लोट्लकारः (परस्मैपदम्) मध्यमपुरुषः एकवचनम् of हन् हनँ हिंसागत्योः (to kill, to destroy, to go) अदादिः ०२.०००२ परस्मैपदी, सकर्मकः, अनिट्
हि - अव्ययम् (Never used at the beginning of a sentence) It has the following senses:-- 1 For, because (expressing a strict or logical reason); अग्निरिहास्ति धूमो हि दृश्यते G. M.; R.5.10. -2 Indeed, surely; देव प्रयोगप्रधानं हि नाठ्यशास्त्रम् M.1; न हि कमलिनीं दृष्ट्वा ग्राहमवेक्षते मतङ्गजः M. 3. -3 For instance, as is well known; प्रजानामेव भूत्यर्थ स ताभ्यो बलिमग्रहीत् । सहस्रगुणमुत्स्रष्टुमादत्ते हि रसं रविः R.1.18. -4 Only, alone (to emphasize an idea); मूढो हि मदनेनायास्यते K.155. -5 Sometimes it is used merely as an expletive.
(2-a) (मुनयः) आहु: इन्द्रियाणि पराणि
मुनयः - मुनि पुं. 1/3 / [मन्-इन् उच्च Uṇ.4.122] 1 A sage, a holy man, saint, devotee, an ascetic
आहु: - ब्रू परस्मैपदम् लट्लकारः प्रथमपुरुषः बहुवचनम्
इन्द्रियाणि - इन्द्रिय नपुं. 2/3
पराणि - पर a. [पॄ-भावे-अप्, कर्तरि अच्-वा] (Declined optionally like a pronoun in nom. voc. pl., and abl. and loc. sing. when it denotes relative position) 1 Other, different, another; -2 Distant, removed, remote; अपरं भवतो जन्म परं जन्म विवस्वतः Bg.4.4. -3 Beyond, further, on the other side of; म्लेच्छदेशस्ततः परः Ms.2.23;7.158. -4 Subsequent, following, next to, future, after (usually with abl.); बाल्यात् परामिव दशां मदनोऽध्युवास R.5.63; Ku.1.31. -5 Higher, superior; सिकतात्वादपि परां प्रपेदे परमाणुताम् R.15.22; इन्द्रियाणि पराण्याहुरिन्द्रियेभ्यः परं मनः । मनसस्तु परा बुद्धिर्यो बुद्धेः परतस्तु सः ॥ Bg.3.42
(2-b) मनः इन्द्रियेभ्यः परम्
मनः - मनस् नपुं. 1/1
इन्द्रियेभ्यः - इन्द्रिय नपुं. 5/3
परम् - पर वि. नपुं. 1/1
(2-c) बुद्धि: तु मनस: परा
मनस: - मनस् नपुं. 5/1
परा - पर वि. स्त्री. 1/1
(2-d) यः बुद्धेः परत: सः तु (सः परमः) ।
बुद्धेः - बुद्धि स्त्री. 5/1 अथवा 6/1
परत: - ind. 1 From another; सन्तः स्वतः प्रकाशन्ते गुणा न परतो नृणाम् Bv.1.120. -2 From an enemy; यशस्तु रक्ष्यं परतो यशोधनैः R.3.48. -3 Further, more (than), beyond, after, over (often with abl.); यो बुद्धेः परतस्तु सः Bg.3.42.
(3-a) एवं बुद्धेः परं बुद्ध्वा
बुद्ध्वा - बुध्-क्त्वा बुध् बुधँ अवगमने (to know, to understand, to be awakened with knowledge, to be restored to senses, to think, to learn) भ्वादिः, ०१.०९९४ परस्मैपदी, सकर्मकः, सेट् / बुध् बुधिँर् बोधने (to know, to understand, to be awakened with knowledge, to be restored to senses, to think, to learn) भ्वादिः, ०१.१०१६ उभयपदी, सकर्मकः, सेट् / बुध् बुधँ अवगमने (to know, to understand) दिवादिः, ०४.००६८ आत्मनेपदी, सकर्मकः, अनिट्
(3-b) आत्मानम् आत्मना संस्तभ्य
आत्मानम् - आत्मन् पुं. 2/1
आत्मना - आत्मन् पुं. 3/1
संस्तभ्य - सम्+स्तम्भ् तस्य ल्यबन्तम् / स्तम्भ् ष्टभिँ प्रतिबन्धे (to stop, to hinder, to become stiff, to paralyze, to fix firmly) भ्वादिः, ०१.०४५१ आत्मनेपदी, सकर्मकः, सेट् Also स्तम्भ् स्तन्भुँ रोधने स्तम्भने च (to stop, to hinder, to become stiff, to obstruct, to stop) क्र्यादिः, ०९.०००७ परस्मैपदी, सकर्मकः, सेट् Here the appropriate meaning seems to be “to fix firmly”.
(3-c) महाबाहो कामरूपम् दुरासदम् शत्रुम् जहि ।
महाबाहो महाबाहु पुं. सम्बोधनम् एकवचनम् / महान्तौ बाहू यस्य सः महाबाहुः (बहुव्रीहिः) महत् a. [मह्-अति] (compar. महीयस्; superl. महिष्ठ; nom. महान्, महान्तौ, महान्तः; acc. pl. महतः) 1 Great, big, large, huge, vast; महान् सिंहः, व्याघ्रः &c. -2 Ample, copious, abundant, many, numerous; महाजनः, महान् द्रव्यराशिः. -3 Long, extended, extensive; महान्तौ बाहू यस्य स महाबाहुः; so महती कथा, महानध्वा. -4 Strong, powerful, mighty; as महान् वीरः. -5 Violent, intense, excessive; महती शिरोवेदना, महती पिपासा. -6 Gross, thick, dense; महानन्धकारः. -7 Important, weighty, momentous; महत्कार्यमुपस्थितम्, महती वार्ता. -8 High, lofty, eminent, distinguished, noble; महत्कुलम्, महाञ् जनः. -9 Loud; महान् घोषः-ध्वनिः. -10 Early or late; महति प्रत्यूषे 'early in the morning'; महत्यपराह्णे 'late in the afternoon'. -11 High; महार्घ्र. -m. 1 A camel. -2 An epithet of Śiva. -3 (In Sāṅ. phil.) The great principle, the intellect (distinguished from मनस्), the second of the twenty-five elements or tattvas recognized by the Sāṅkhyas; Ms.1.15;12.14; महदाद्याः प्रकृतिविकृतयः सप्त Sāṅ. K.3,8,22 &c. -4 The superior of a monastery. -n. 1 Greatness, infiniteness, numerousness. -2 Kingdom, dominion; 'महद्राज्यविशालयोः' Viśva; इन्द्रियाणि महत्प्रेप्सुः Mb.5.129.26. -3 Sacred knowledge. -4 The Supreme Being (परमात्मा); बुद्धेः परतरं ज्ञानं ज्ञानात् परतरं महत् Mb.12.204.10. -ind. Greatly, excessively, very much, exceedingly; त्रैलोक्योद्वेगदं महत् Rām.6.111.48. (Note : महत् as the first member of a Tatpuruṣa compound and a few other cases, remains unchanged, while in Karmadhāraya and Bahuvrīhi comp. it is changed to महा q. v.)
कामरूपम् - कामरूप a. 1 taking any form at will; जानामि त्वां प्रकृतिपुरुषं कामरूपं मघोनः Me.6. -2 beautiful, pleasing. The first meaning is by deciphering कामरूप as यथा कामं रूपं यस्य सः / The second meaning is by deciphering कामः भवति यस्मात् तद्रूपं यस्य सः कामरूपः / The meaning here is by deciphering कामः एव रूपं यस्य सः कामरूपः /
दुरासदम् - दुरासद वि. 2/1 / दुष्करः आसदः यस्य सः / शब्दकल्पद्रुमे दुरासदः, त्रि, (दुःखेन आसद्यते इति । दुर् +आ + सद् + “ईषद्दुःसुष्विति ।” ३ । ३ । १२६ । इति खल् ।) दुष्प्राप्यः / दुरासद a. 1 difficult to be approached or overtaken; स बभूव दुरासदः परैः R.3.66; 8.4; Mv.2.5; 4.15. -2 difficult to be found or met with. -3 unequalled, unparalleled. -4 hard to be borne, insupportable. -5 difficult to be conquered, unassailable, unconquerable; जहि शत्रुं महाबाहो कामरूपं दुरासदम् Bg.3.43 /
शत्रुम् - शत्रु पुं. 2/1 / [शद्-त्रुन् Uṇ.4.103] 1 An overthrower, a destroyer, conqueror. -2 An enemy, a foe, an adversary; क्षमा शत्रौ च मित्रे च यतीनामेव भुषणम् Subhāṣ; ऋणकर्ता पिता शत्रुर्माता च व्यभिचारिणी । भार्या रूपवती शत्रुः पुत्रः शत्रुरपण्डितः ॥ Subhāṣ. / शद् शदॢँ शातने (to perish, to fall, to wither, to decay, to wear off, to fall, to wane, to throw down) भ्वादिः, ०१.०९९१ परस्मैपदी, अकर्मकः, अनिट् / शद् शदॢँ शातने (to go, to lose energy, to move, to be sad) तुदादिः, ०६.०१६४ परस्मैपदी, अकर्मकः, अनिट्
(३) सारांशतः Overall Meaning
(1-a) भरतर्षभ तस्मात् त्वम् आदौ इन्द्रियाणि नियम्य - Eh Arjuna, preeminent in Bharata-lineage you first keep your organs under control
(1-b) एनम् पाप्मानम् ज्ञानविज्ञाननाशनम् प्रजहि हि - annihilate this sinful, destroyer of intellect and discretion
(2-a) (मुनयः) आहु: इन्द्रियाणि पराणि - The sages say that the organs are not worthy of calling your own i.e. not worthy of satisfying their urges
(2-b) मनः इन्द्रियेभ्यः परम् - the mind is ‘not your own’, more distantly than the organs
(2-c) बुद्धि: तु मनस: परा - intellect is ‘not your own’ even further than mind
(2-d) यः बुद्धेः परत: सः तु (सः परमः) - He who is further than intellect is the ultimate one
(3-a) एवं बुद्धेः परं बुद्ध्वा - This way, by being studious of the one that is further than intellect
(3-b) आत्मानम् आत्मना संस्तभ्य - steadying oneself by oneself
(3-c) महाबाहो कामरूपम् दुरासदम् शत्रुम् जहि - eh Arjuna, you with large arms, vanquish this Desire-some enemy, though he is not easy to defeat.
(4) ॐ तत् सत् - These three words make a triplet and together make a closing invocation. In 17-23 it reads ॐ तत् सत् इति निर्देशः ब्रह्मणः त्रिविधः स्मृतः । So ॐ तत् सत् is a triad of the diktat of ब्रह्मन्. The significance of ॐ तत् and सत् is further detailed in 17-24, 17-25 and (17-26 to 17-27) respectively. It would be good to study all that when studying the श्लोकाः 17-23 to 17-27.
(5) इति श्रीमद्भगवद्गीतासु उपनिषत्सु ब्रह्मविद्यायाम् योगशास्त्रे श्रीकृष्णार्जुनसंवादे कर्मयोग: नाम तृतीय: अध्यायः । This समापनवाक्यम् closing declaration is there at the end of every अध्यायः. Of course the phrase that changes and here it is कर्मयोग: नाम तृतीय: अध्यायः. This phrase declares the central theme of the particular अध्यायः. The theme of तृतीय: अध्यायः is कर्मयोग:. Since the theme is declared in the समापनवाक्यम्, I would call it as the theme and not the title.
Such declaration of the theme in the समापनवाक्यम् really prompts one to review for oneself, whether one studied this तृतीय: अध्यायः with the focus i.e. the central theme being कर्मयोग:.
(४) छन्दोविश्लेषणम्
तस्मात्त्वमिन्द्रियाण्यादौ (८ अक्षराणि) “न्द्रियाण्या” एतेषां मात्रा: १-२-२
नियम्य भरतर्षभ (८ अक्षराणि) “रतर्ष” एतेषां मात्राः १-२-१
पाप्मानं प्रजहि ह्येनं (८ अक्षराणि) “जहि ह्ये” एतेषां मात्रा: १-२-२
ज्ञानविज्ञाननाशनम् (८ अक्षराणि) “ननाश” एतेषां मात्राः १-२-१
अनुष्टुभ्-छन्दः in (३-४१)
इन्द्रियाणि पराण्याहु- (८ अक्षराणि) “पराण्या” एतेषां मात्रा: १-२-२
रिन्द्रियेभ्यः परं मनः (८ अक्षराणि) “परं म” एतेषां मात्राः १-२-१
मनसस्तु परा बुद्धिर्- (८ अक्षराणि) “परा बु(द्धि)” एतेषां मात्रा: १-२-२
यो बुद्धेः परतस्तु सः (८ अक्षराणि) “रतस्तु” एतेषां मात्राः १-२-१
अनुष्टुभ्-छन्दः in (३-४२)
एवं बुद्धेः परं बुद्ध्वा (८ अक्षराणि) “परं बु(द्ध्वा)” एतेषां मात्रा: १-२-२
संस्तभ्यात्मानमात्मना (८ अक्षराणि) “नमात्म” एतेषां मात्राः १-२-१
जहि शत्रुं महाबाहो (८ अक्षराणि) “महाबा” एतेषां मात्रा: १-२-२
कामरूपं दुरासदम् (८ अक्षराणि) “दुरास” एतेषां मात्राः १-२-१
अनुष्टुभ्-छन्दः in (३-४३)
(५) स्वाध्यायाः Notes of self-study
(१) The conclusion of the study of the previous four श्लोकाः, was that काम एष क्रोध एष is like a virus, spreads very fast and engulfs ! So, I had also mentioned “Let us see what remedial and preventive actions are recommended.”
(२) In these three श्लोकाः the recommendation is to vanquish this enemy काम एष क्रोध एष. There is also the caution that this enemy is difficult to defeat.
(३) To nip the enemy in the bud, one needs to note its areas of influence and its modus operandi, which was detailed as
इन्द्रियाणि मनो बुद्धिरस्याधिष्ठानमुच्यते ।
एतैर्विमोहयत्येष ज्ञानमावृत्य देहिनम् ॥ ३-४०॥
The enemy is better defeated on its homeground. What the sages do is to keep ‘social distancing’ from the susceptible areas treating them as पराणि इन्द्रियाणि, परं मनः, परा बुद्धि:. Another interpretation of these phrases are that organs are पराणि are difficult to reign in; the mind मनः is परं even more difficult; intellect बुद्धि: is परा more difficult to control than mind.
(३) This is a psychological warfare, which is better fought बुद्धेः परत: from higher psychological and intellectual level. Even in physical combat, the military strategy is to pounce on the enemy from a higher strata.
(४) The strategy mentioned here is बुद्धेः परं बुद्ध्वा आत्मानम् आत्मना संस्तभ्य कामरूपम् दुरासदम् शत्रुम् जहि. The word-wise meaning has been studied, but the advocacy is certainly very difficult to practise. It would need quite some साधना, especially to keep oneself steadfast against all allurations, small and big and control all thoughts and distractions coming to mind.
(५) This कर्मयोगो नाम तृतीयोऽध्यायः ends here. The strategy mentioned i.e. बुद्धेः परं बुद्ध्वा आत्मानम् आत्मना संस्तभ्य seems to be one of taking the intellect to higher, rather to the highest level. So the name or title as कर्मयोग: has been a point of debate and discussion, and would merit deeper deliberation, maybe with study of different commentaries, especially शाङ्करभाष्यम् of आदिशङ्कराचार्यः and गीतारहस्य of लोकमान्य टिळक. Below are excerpts from गीतारहस्य of लोकमान्य टिळक ⇒
(41) Therefore, O most excellent Bharata! first control the senses and destroy this sinner, who is the destroyer of ज्ञानम् ( Spiritual Knowledge ) and विज्ञानम् (specified Knowledge).
(42) It is said that the senses (which know material external objects as they experience them) are 'पराणि’ (that is, beyond) ; the Mind is beyond the senses, the व्यवसायात्मिका (that is, discerning) Reason is beyond the Mind; and It (the Atman) is beyond the Reason.
(43) O Migbty-armed Arjuna ! thus Realising that, which is beyond the Reason, and controlling yourself by yourself, destroy this enemy, which is difficult to conquer, in the shape of Desire.
In addition to the translation of the three verses, लोकमान्य टिळक adds more comments → “..In order that a person should be able to perform all Actions according to his own religion, and for universal welfare, having got rid of Attachment (आसक्ति) in the shape of Desire, one must have perfect control over his senses : and that is the only control over the senses, which is meant here. The Glta does not say that one should forcibly kill -the senses, and give up all Action (see Gl. Ra. Ch. V, p. 153). The stanza " इन्द्रियाणि पराण्याहुः etc." above (3.42) is from the कठोपनिषत् and I have shown in the गीतारहस्य that four or five other stanzas have been taken into the गीता (see Appendix p. 741) from the कठोपनिषत्. The purpose of the senses is to collect the impressions of the external world and after the Mind has co-ordinated them, the Reason distinguishes between them and the आत्मन् (Self) is beyond all these, and different from all these. 'This is, in short, the summary of the Science of the Body and the आत्मन् (See the exhaustive consideration of this subject-matter at the end of Chapter VI of the गीतारहस्य pp. 179 to 201). As I have exhaustively considered in the tenth chapter of the गीतारहस्य (pp. 383 to 395) the moot questions relating to the doctrine of Causality (कर्मविपाक), such as, how a man is incited to a particular act as a result of the emotions of Desire, Anger etc., notwithstanding that he may not wish to perform it, or how a man finds out a way even out of this situation by means of sense-control, as he has Freedom of Will, I shall not take up space by repeating the same subject-matter here. The question of the control of the senses has been considered later in Chapter VI of the गीता. ..”
As can be seen, लोकमान्य टिळक has made reference to Chapter VI आधिदैवत पक्ष व क्षेत्रक्षेत्रज्ञ विचार and Chapter X कर्मविपाक व आत्मस्वातंत्र्य to these two out of his 15 essays/chapters, which is the most important section in his गीतारहस्य. One can say that amongst commentaries on गीता, लोकमान्य टिळक was the trendsetter of writing thematic essays, in addition to verse-by-verse commentary. Two important commentaries before him शाङ्करभाष्यम् and ज्ञानेश्वरी are verse-by-verse commentaries.
In the footsteps of गीतारहस्य followed “Essays on the Gita” by Sri. Aurobindo. “Gita as a Philosophy of God-Realisation” by गुरुदेव रानडे also has chapters, all oriented unto “God-Realisation”.
Somehow the twentieth century seems to have been very very rich with so many commentaries, rather scholarly studies of गीता, including “Gita As Is” by भक्तिवेदान्त श्रील प्रभुपाद. Somehow I do not like this title, which seems to claim that the perception of गीता as propounded by the author is the only valid perception, no other. This smacks of अहंकारः, which is the first and foremost vice, which गीता abhors.
Osho’s lectures on just the third chapter are compiled in a 350-page book. Osho’s lectures on all eighteen chapters is a huge voluminous compilation.
There are two booklets “Discourses on the Gita” and अनासक्तियोग by Mahatma Gandhi. Note अनासक्ति may be translated as detachment. This is a selfsame perception, similar to the कर्मयोग-perception of लोकमान्य टिळक.
There is also गीता-प्रवचने by आचार्य विनोबा, which were also discourses on the Gita, originally delivered in मराठी but translated in many languages. These discourses are in the style of summary overview अध्याय by अध्याय. The अनासक्तियोग by Mahatma Gandhi is also अध्याय by अध्याय.
For a serious student of गीता there is so much study material available.
And yet a student like me thinks it fit to do an independent study wanting to understand the grammar and even etymology of the Sanskrit words in the original text. This independent study also is certainly very much self-satisfying. Funnily, it appears to be also never ending. Nevertheless, it is also satisfying that as of date there are 800+ subscribers of my YouTube channel, who, I assume, are happy joining with me in this study.
My study has of course been verse-by-verse. Now, it comes to mind that it would be interesting to also make a summary review, rather सिंहावलोकनम् of every अध्यायः. Maybe, I shall attempt that especially for this तृतीयोऽध्यायः. Or maybe it would be good to attempt सिंहावलोकनम् of entire गीता, where the chapter XIV गीताध्यायसङ्गति in गीतारहस्य by लोकमान्य टिळक may come handy.
शुभमस्तु ।
-o-O-o-
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