गीताभ्यासे 4-28 द्रव्ययज्ञास्तपोयज्ञा:

 This श्लोकः 4-28 is fourth of the set of 6 from 4-25 to 4-30. The श्लोकः is - 

द्रव्ययज्ञास्तपोयज्ञा योगयज्ञास्तथापरे ।

स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञाश्च यतयः संशितव्रताः ॥ ४-२८॥

पदच्छेदैः 

द्रव्ययज्ञा: तपोयज्ञा: योगयज्ञा: तथा अपरे ।

स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञा: च यतयः संशितव्रताः ॥

There is not much to tabulate वाक्यांशशः विश्लेषणम् because तथा is अव्ययम्, च is अव्ययम्, all other words द्रव्ययज्ञा: तपोयज्ञा: योगयज्ञा: अपरे स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञा: यतयः संशितव्रताः have पुं. 1’3 and hence are कर्तृपदीयाः 

The अन्वयवाक्यम् is ⇒ 

तथा अपरे द्रव्ययज्ञा: तपोयज्ञा: योगयज्ञा: स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञा: यतयः संशितव्रताः च (भवन्ति) 

पदाभ्यासाः 

1. द्रव्ययज्ञाः - द्रव्ययज्ञ वि. अत्र पुं. 1’3 

1. द्रव्यमयः (द्रव्यैः वा) यज्ञः यस्य सः द्रव्ययज्ञः (बहुव्रीहिः) 

2. द्रव्यमय (-यी f.) 1 Material. -2 Having any substance. -3 Consisting of wealth.

3. द्रव्यैः - द्रव्य नाम नपुं. 3’3 Note द्रव्यम् 1 A thing, substance, object, matter; the whole creation (अधिभूत); द्रव्यक्रियाकारकाख्यं धूत्वा यान्त्यपुनर्भवम् Bhāg.12.6.38. -2 The ingredient or material of anything. -3 A material to work upon. -4 A fit or suitable object (to receive instruction &c.); द्रव्यं जिगीषुमधिगम्य जडात्मनोऽपि Mu.7.14; see अद्रव्य also. -5 An elementary substance, the substratum of properties; one of the seven categories of the Vaiśeṣikas; (the द्रव्याणि are nine:-- पृथिव्यप्तेजोवाय्वाकाशकालदिगात्ममनांसि); one of the six of the Jainas (जीव, धर्म, अधर्म, पुद्गल, काल and आकाश). -6 Any possession, wealth, goods, property, money : षड् द्रव्याणि-- 'मणयः पशवः पृथिवी वासो दास्यादि काञ्चनम्'; उपार्जनं च द्रव्याणां परिमर्दश्च तानि षट् Mb.12.59.64; तत् तस्य किमपि द्रव्यं यो हि यस्य प्रियो जनः U.2.19. 

2. तपोयज्ञाः - तपोयज्ञ वि. अत्र पुं. 1’3 

1. तपोमयः (तपोभिः वा) यज्ञः यस्य सः तपोयज्ञः (बहुव्रीहिः) 

2. तपोमय a. 1 Consisting in religious penance; एतान्यदर्शन्गुरवः पुराणाः स्वान्येव तेजांसि तपोमयानि Mv.1.42. -2 Practising penance, devout. -यः The Supreme Being. 

3. तपोभिः - तपस् नाम नपुं. 3’3 Note तपस् [तप्-असुन्] 1 Warmth, heat, fire, light; एकः सूर्यस्तपसो योनिरेका Mb.12.351.10. -2 Pain, suffering; न तपः कुतश्चन Rv.7.82.7. -3 Penance, religious austerity, mortification; तपः किलेदं तदवाप्तिसाधनम् Ku.5.64. -4 Meditation connected with the practice of personal self-denial or bodily mortification; गीरा वाऽऽशंसामि तपसा ह्यनन्तौ Mb.1.3.57.; Bhāg.12.11.24. -5 Moral virtue, merit. -6 Special duty or observance (of any particular caste); यत्सप्तान्नानि मेधया तपसाजनयत्पिता Bṛi. Up. 1.5.1. -7 One of the seven worlds; i. e. the region above the world called जनस्. 

3. योगयज्ञाः - योगयज्ञ वि. अत्र पुं. 1’3 

1. योगः एव यज्ञः यस्मै सः योगयज्ञ: (बहुव्रीहिः) 

2. योगः - [युज् भावादौ घञ् कुत्वम्] 1 Joining, uniting. -2 Union, junction, combination; उपरागान्ते शशिनः समुपगता रोहिणी योगम् Ś.7.22; गुणमहतां महते गुणाय योगः Ki.10.25; (वां) योगस्तडित्तोयदयोरिवास्तु R.6.65. -3 Contact, touch, connection; तमङ्कमारोप्य शरीरयोगजैः सुखैर्निषिञ्चन्तमिवामृतं त्वचि R.3.26. -4 Employment, application, use; एतैरुपाययोगैस्तु शक्यास्ताः परिरक्षितुम् Ms.9.10; R.10.86. -5 Mode, manner, course, means; ज्ञानविज्ञानयोगेन कर्मणामुद्धरन् जटाः Bhāg.3.24.17; कथायोगेन बुध्यते H.1. 'In the course of conversation'. -6 Consequence, result; (mostly at the end of comp on in abl.); रक्षायोगादयमपि तपः प्रत्यहं संचिनोति Ś.2.15; Ku.7.55. -7 A yoke. -8 A conveyance, vehicle, carriage. -9 (a) An armour. (b) Putting on armour. -10 Fitness, propriety, suitableness. -11 An occupation, a work, business. -12 A trick, fraud, device; योगाधमनविक्रीतं योगदानप्रतिग्रहम् Ms.8.165. -13 An expedient, plan, means in general. -14 Endeavour, zeal, diligence, assiduity; ज्ञानमेकस्थमाचार्ये ज्ञानं योगश्च पाण्डवे Mb.7.188.45. इन्द्रियाणां जये योगं समातिष्ठेद् दिवानिशम् Ms.7.44. -15 Remedy, cure. -16 A charm, spell, incantation, magic, magical art; तथाख्यातविधानं च योगः संचार एव च Mb.12.59.48. -17 Gaining, acquiring, acquisition; बलस्य योगाय बलप्रधानम् Rām.2.82.30. -18 The equipment of an army. -19 Fixing, putting on, practice; सत्येन रक्ष्यते धर्मो विद्या योगेन रक्ष्यते Mb.5.34.39. -20 A side; an argument. -21 An occasion, opportunity. -22 Possibility, occurrence. -23 Wealth, substance. -24 A rule, precept. -25 Dependence, relation, regular order or connection, dependence of one word upon another. -26 Etymology or derivation of the meaning of a word. -27 The etymological meaning of a word (opp. रूढि); अवयवशक्तिर्योगः. -28 Deep and abstract meditation, concentration of the mind, contemplation of the Supreme Spirit, which in योग phil. is defined as चित्तवृत्तिनिरोध; स ब्रह्मयोगयुक्तात्मा सुखमक्षयमश्नुते Bg. 5.21; सती सती योगविसृष्टदेहा Ku.1.21; V.1.1; योगेनान्ते तनुत्यजाम् R.1.8. -29 The system of philosophy established by Patañjali, which is considered to be the second division of the Sāṁkhya philosophy, but is practically reckoned as a separate system; एकं सांख्यं च योगं च यः पश्यति स पश्यति Bg.5.5. (The chief aim of the योग philosophy is to teach the means by which the human soul may be completely united with the Supreme Spirit and thus secure absolution; and deep abstract meditation is laid down as the chief means of securing this end, elaborate rules being given for the proper practice of such योग or concentration of mind.) -30 A follower of the योग system of philosophy; जापकैस्तुल्यफलता योगानां नात्र संशयः Mb.12.200.23. -31 (In arith.) Addition. -32 (In astr.) Conjunction, lucky conjunction. -33 A combination of stars. -34 N. of a particular astronomical division of time (27 such Yogas are usually enumerated). -35 The principal star in a lunar mansion. -36 Devotion, pious seeking after god. -37 A spy, secret agent. -38 A traitor, a violator of truth or confidence. -39 An attack; योगमाज्ञापयामास शिकस्य विषयं प्रति Śiva B.13.7. -40 Steady application; श्रुताद् हि प्रज्ञा, प्रज्ञया योगो योगादात्मवत्ता Kau. A.1.5; मयि चानन्ययोगेन भक्तिरव्यभिचारिणी Bg.13.10. -41 Ability, power; एतां विभूतिं योगं च मम यो वेत्ति तत्त्वतः Bg.10.7; पश्य मे योगमैश्वरम् 11.8. -42 Equality, sameness; समत्वं योग उच्यते Bg.2.48. 

4. स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञाः - स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञ वि. अत्र पुं. 1’3 

1. स्वेन अध्यायः इति स्वाध्यायः (तृतीया-तत्पुरुषः) 

2. स्वाध्यायः च ज्ञानं च इति स्वाध्यायज्ञाने (इतरेतरद्वन्द्वः) 

3. स्वाध्यायज्ञाने एव यज्ञः यस्य सः स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञ: (बहुव्रीहिः) - one who studies, acquires knowledge and practices knowledge as यज्ञः, i.e. practices knowledge as a sacred, sacrosanct routine is स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञ: 

4. स्वाध्यायः - study and practice by oneself, one’s own study, one’s own practice 

5. यतयः - यति one who strives वि. पुं. 1’3 

1. In Apte’s dictionary this प्रातिपदिकम् यति is basically detailed as यतिः f. [यम्-क्तिन्] 1 Restraint, check control 

2. But there is also यतिः m. [यतते मोक्षाय यत्-इन्] 1 An ascetic, one who has renounced the world and controlled his passions; यथा दानं विना हस्ती तथा ज्ञानं विना यतिः Bv.1.119. 

3. As such यत्-इन् makes यतिन् which is also detailed separately. यतिन् m. An ascetic. पुं. 1’3 of यतिन् should be यतिन: What we have here is यतयः. We have to take यतयः to be यतिः m. 1’3 from (5.2) 

6. संशितव्रताः - संशितव्रत वि. अत्र पुं. 1’3 

1. संशित: व्रतः यस्य सः संशितव्रत: (बहुव्रीहिः) 

2. संशित - सम्+शि इति धातुः | तस्य क्त-वि. | Note शि शिञ् निशाने (to sharpen, to whet) स्वादिः, ०५.०००३ उभयपदी, सकर्मकः, अनिट् | In Apte’s dictionary शि 5 U. (शिनोति, शिनुते) 1 To whet, sharpen. -2 To attenuate, make thin. -3 To excite. -4 To be attentive. -5 To be sharp.

3. संशित p. p. 1 Sharpened, aroused; ततस्ते सूदिताः सर्वे मम बाणाः सुसंशिताः Mb.5.180.22. -2 Sharp, acute. -3 Thoroughly completed, effected, accomplished. -4 Decided, well-ascertained, determined, certain. -5 Effecting, diligent in performing. -6 Firmly adhering to (a vow); उपोष्य संशितो भूत्वा हित्वा वेदकृताः श्रुतीः Mb.12.265.7. -Comp. -आत्मन् a. one whose mind is thoroughly matured or disciplined. -व्रत a. one who has fulfilled his vow. 

4. व्रत - व्रतः, व्रतम् [व्रज्-घ जस्य तः] 1 A religious act of devotion or austerity, vowed observance, a vow in general; अभ्यस्यतीव व्रतमासिधारम् R.13.67;2.4,25; (there are several vratas enjoined in the different Purāṇas; but their number cannot be said to be fixed, as new ones, e. g. सत्यनारांयणव्रत, are being added every day). -2 A vow, promise, resolve; सोऽभूद् भग्नव्रतः शत्रूनुद्धृत्य प्रतिरोपयन् R.17.42; so सत्यव्रत, पुण्यव्रत, दृढव्रत &c. -3 Object of devotion or faith, devotion; as in पतिव्रताः (पतिर्व्रतं यस्याः सा); यान्ति देवव्रता देवान् पितॄन् यान्ति पितृव्रताः Bg.9.25. -4 A rite, an observance, practice, as in अर्कव्रत q. v; Śabaraswāmin difines it as पुरुषाणां क्रियार्थानां शरीरधारणार्थो बलकरणार्थश्चायं संस्कारो व्रतं नाम ŚB. on MS.4.3.8. -5 Mode of life, course of conduct; अथ तु वेत्सि शुचि व्रतमात्मनः Ś.5.27. -6 An ordinance, a law, rule. -7 Sacrifice. -8 An act, deed, work. -9 A design, plan. -10 Mental activity; व्रतमिति च मानसं कर्म उच्यते ŚB. on MS.6.2.20. 

सारांशतः Overall Meaning 

तथा अपरे द्रव्ययज्ञा: तपोयज्ञा: योगयज्ञा: स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञा: यतयः संशितव्रताः च (भवन्ति) = 

From https://archive.org/details/SrimadBhagavadGitaRahasya-BgTilak-Volumes1And2/SrimadBhagavadGitaRahasya-BgTilak-Vol2/page/n385/mode/2up 

In this way, some यतयः observing severe vows (that is, persons who have acquired mental control) perform the sacrifice of wealth; others perform the sacrifice by austerity, others by Yogic practices, others by स्वाध्याय (that is, by observing the ritual prescribed for one's own caste), and others by ज्ञान i.e., Knowledge. 

छन्दोविश्लेषणम् 

द्रव्ययज्ञास्तपोयज्ञा (८ अक्षराणि) “स्तपोय(ज्ञा)” एतेषां मात्राः १-२-२

योगयज्ञास्तथापरे (८ अक्षराणि) “स्तथाप” एतेषां मात्राः १-२-१

स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञाश्च (८ अक्षराणि) “नयज्ञा” एतेषां मात्राः १-२-२

यतयः संशितव्रताः (८ अक्षराणि) “शितव्र” एतेषां मात्राः १-२-१

अनुष्टुभ्-छन्दः 

टिप्पण्यः Notes of self-study 

1 I have been tabulating for every type of यज्ञ:, the name of the अग्निः, what समिधः and what हविः. Here the यज्ञा: are द्रव्ययज्ञा: तपोयज्ञा: योगयज्ञा: स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञा:. After यज्ञ: nothing remains of समिधः and हविः. By द्रव्ययज्ञा: no द्रव्यम् remains. So, all द्रव्यम् is to be considered as both समिधः and हविः in the performance of द्रव्ययज्ञा:. 

• By the same token, in तपोयज्ञा: योगयज्ञा: and स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञा: also all तप:, all योग: and all  स्वाध्यायज्ञानम् are the respective समिधः and हविः and nothing shall remain of them. 

• One mute question arises, if nothing is to remain of तप:, योग: and स्वाध्यायज्ञानम्, why should one perform तपोयज्ञा: योगयज्ञा: and स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञा: ? 

• Actually the subject is dealt with in the seventeenth chapter with focus on यज्ञ: तप: and दानम्. The succinct answers to the question “why to perform” are in the phrases 

• अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिः यष्टव्य: एव इति सात्त्विक: यज्ञः इज्यते (17’11) - Note, सात्त्विक: यज्ञः is performed because it is यष्टव्य: एव, it has to be performed.

• अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिः सात्त्विकं तपः तप्तम् (17’17) - Likewise सात्त्विकं तपः is observed, because it has to be observed. 

• सात्त्विकं दानं दातव्यम् इति दीयते (17’20) - Also सात्त्विकं दानम् is offered, because it must be offered. सात्त्विकं दानम् is basically द्रव्ययज्ञ:. 

2 The mention of द्रव्ययज्ञ: brings to mind कठोपनिषत् which starts with the instance of वाजश्रवाः, father of नचिकेताः, performing सर्ववेदयज्ञः whereby he offered all and everything of his as the ritual of the यज्ञः. 

This included the cows which were already पीतोदका: जग्धतृणा: too weak to eat or drink anything, दुग्धदोहा: had no milk to give, निरिन्द्रियाः had no organs, as it were. 

नचिकेताः was anxious whether offering such cows would become a benevolent sacrifice. 

That anxiety becomes the prompt for delineation of the philosophical thought in कठोपनिषत्. 

It is well known that in the economy of Vedic times, cows were wealth. So, offering cows to be taken away दक्षिणासु

नीयमानासु by whosoever be interested was द्रव्ययज्ञ:-part of the सर्ववेदयज्ञः  

Maybe सर्ववेदयज्ञः was a way to relinquish everything, or maybe, to declare one’s bankruptcy. Does that become another interesting connotation of the word यज्ञः ?

3 For the word तपस् at (2.3) I have copy-pasted its meaning as available in Apte’s dictionary. But in the seventeenth chapter there is much more detail about तपस् especially about तपस् having three aspects शारीरम् वाङ्मयम् मानसम्. 

So, तपोयज्ञा: are those यज्ञविदः योगिनः, for whom observances of तपस् become यज्ञा:. 

4 There is mention in https://archive.org/details/SrimadBhagavadGitaRahasya-BgTilak-Volumes1And2/SrimadBhagavadGitaRahasya-BgTilak-Vol2/page/n385/mode/2up 

“.. स्वाध्याय (that is, by observing the ritual prescribed for one's own caste) ..” 

I don’t agree with that. स्वाध्याय is individual’s practise. There is no need to relate it to the caste-system. 

In Apte’s dictionary also, स्वाध्याय: = self-recitation, muttering to oneself. 

शुभमस्तु !

-o-O-o-